Late-Glacial The zonation of Jessen and Iversen (Faegri and Iversen, 1950) is used. In Zone i (Older Dryas time) no Bolling oscillation could be detected. Juniperus attains high values (over 20 %), Artemisia 5 %. Zone ii (Allerod) is characterised by a Pinus maximum in the upper section. At that time Pinus forests must have occurred near the bank, as Pinus stomata are found in the samples. In Zone hi (Younger Dryastime) Juniperus stays low, Artemisia increases, Empetrum attains a maximum of 3.9 %, and Dryopteris linnaeana shows a continuous curve (maximum 12 %). The sediments of Zone i and m are greyish green in colour; the Allerod sediments (Zone n) are olive. The deposits of Zone i are rich in lime. Post-Glacial Zone iv (Preboreal) is hardly developed. Zones v and vi (Boreal), with maxima of Pinus and Corylus. Again stomata of Pinus are found; only in Zone n and v Pinus was important. After Zone vi Corylus has no more maxima. Zone vii (Atlanticum). In this section the most remarkable feature is that Quercus predominates over Alnus, as this is quite exceptional in the Netherlands. Viscum and Hedera occur in a few pro mille only. Zone viii (Subboreal). After the Ulmus fall, Fagus begins to show a continous curve with low values. Fraxinus fluctuates between 2 and 3 %, but shows no distinct maximum. Zone ix (Subatlanticum). Carpinus stays under 1 %, and of Myrica only scattered pollen grains were found in the youngest deposits. In the last samples some pollen grains of Juniperus and Hippophaë were met with. Cereals and Weeds Traces of cereals and weeds occur already in the Atlanticum, in the Subboreal however they become numerous. Among the cereals Hordeum predominates, Triticum is scarce; together they attain a maximum of 1%. In the Subatlanticum cereals rise, mainly due to the arrival of Secale; the first pollen grains appear towards the middle of this section. In the uppermost samples Fagopyrum occurs, Secale rises to 4.3 % and the other cereals to 2.8 %. The N.A.P. curve rises gradually, but shows a rapid increase in the Subatlanticum. The main components are grasses and Ericaceae; the Gramineae surpass the Ericaceae till the point is reached where Secale begins to expand. At the end of the Subboreal the Ericaceae attain 23 %, in the Subatlanticum 44 %. The final expansion of Calluna must have taken place in late historic times. Plantago, Rumex and Pteridium begin to show continuous curves in the Subboreal. At first Plantago surpasses Rumex; in the Subatlanticum Rumex (maximum 11 %) exceeds Plantago (maximum 4.6 %). Polygonum persicaria, P. convolvulus and P. aviculare occur. In the younger samples Spergula appears; a kind of pollen which may be either Humulus or Cannabis shows a continuous curve. Aquatic flora The “Uddeler Meer” started as a hard water pond, rich in Characeae. In the Older Dryas time Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae were present to such an extent that they gave colour to the sediment. Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Tetraedron and Botryococcus have been counted. Tetraedron has a peak in Zone I, and decreases rapidly in Zone n, but in the Subatlanticum it reappears with high values. Scenedesmus stays high up to the Atlanticum; thereafter it falls to low values, and reappears in very great numbers in the Subatlanticum. Pediastrum is very high in the Late-Glacial, especially in Zone I. During the Post-Glacial it fluctuates around rather high values, and increases strongly in the upper Subatlanticum. Botryococcus is high throughout the entire series; it increases still further towards the end. Cyanophyceae occurred especially in the Late-Glacial; they could not be identified with certainty, and have not been counted. As to the aquatic Vascular Plants, Littorella and Isoetes show continuous curves in the Atlanticum with relatively high values. The most remarkable find is that of Trapa natans pollen in the upper section of the Subboreal; it is represented there by one or two grains pro slide. It vanishes in the Subatlanticum.

Acta botanica neerlandica

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Koninklijke Nederlandse Botanische Vereniging

B. Polak. (1959). Palynology of the “Uddeler Meer”. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Vegetation and of the Agriculture in the Northern Part of the Veluwe in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times. Acta botanica neerlandica, 8(5), 547–571.