Proposed genus-level classification of large species of Fusininae (Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae)

The fasciolariid gastropod genus Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815, is a highly heterogeneous taxon. We present a genus-level revision for large-shelled living members and some fossil species in this group based on shell characters. Fusinus is restricted to a group of IndoWest Pacific (IWP) species around F. colus (Linnaeus, 1758). We expand Cyrtulus Hinds, 1843 (type: C. serotinus Hinds, 1943) to include members of the Murex undatus Gmelin, 1791, group from the IWP. Several temperate Japanese species are added to the IWP genus Marmorofusus Snyder & Lyons, 2014. We resurrect Gracilipurpura Jousseame, 1880, for a group of fossil and extant species from Europe centered on Murex rostratus Olivi, 1792. We establish ten new genera, which with their type species are: Enigmofusus (Fusinus nicki Snyder, 2002) from the Indian Ocean; Goniofusus (Fusus dupetitthouarsi Kiener, 1840) from tropical America; Lyonsifusus (Murex ansatus Gmelin, 1791) from the western Atlantic (WA); Aristofusus (Fusus excavatus G.B. Sowerby II, 1880) from the western Atlantic; Callifusus (Fusinus irregularis Grabau, 1904) from the eastern Pacific; Apertifusus (Fusus meyeri Dunker, 1869) from the tropical Atlantic; Ariefusus (Fusinus rutilus Nicolay & Berthelot, 1996) from West Africa; Africofusus (Fusus ocellifer Lamarck, 1816) from southern Africa; and the extinct Anguistofusus (Fusus vindobonensis Hoernes & Auinger, 1890) and Eofusus (Murex porrectus Solander in Brander, 1766). The new extinct subfamily Clavilithinae is introduced for Paleocene to Pleistocene large fasciolariids with a barrelshaped last whorl. We remove from Fusininae the West African species Fusus filosus Schubert & Wagner, 1829, and assign it to the fasciolariine genus Polygona Schumacher, 1817. The extinct genus Falsifusus Grabau, 1904, is transferred to Turbinellidae. A review of the biogeography and functional shell morphology of large Fusininae reveals that size increased substantially in most lineages worldwide beginning in the Early Miocene. Traits interpreted as antipredatory are best expressed in tropical shallow-water species, especially in the IWP and WA. Geographical restriction is documented for Apertifusus, Ariefusus and the nonfusinine fasciolariid Polygona, all represented by fossil taxa in Europe but today restricted in the eastern Atlantic to West Africa; and Goniofusus, which no longer occurs in the Caribbean region.