Four new dragonflies from the Upper Jurassic of Germany and the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia (Anisoptera: Hemeroscopidae, Sonidae, and Proterogomphidae fam. nov.)

Prohemeroscopus jurassicus gen. et sp. nov. and P. kuehnapfeli sp. nov. are described as first Hemeroscopidae from the Upper Jurassic of Germany (Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone). The monophyly of Hemeroscopidae is discussed and preliminarily advocated. The Mesozoic Hemeroscopidae are recognized as potential stem-group representatives of extant Chlorogomphoidea within Anisoptera – Cavilabiata. The status of the alleged hemeroscopid larvae is discussed and they are preliminarily transferred as new (unnamed) species to Sonidae. The family Sonidae is restricted to the referring larvae. The adult fossil dragonflies from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia that were previously attributed to Sona nectes (Sonidae) are here classified as a new taxon, Proterogomphus krauseorum gen. et sp. nov. (Proterogomphidae fam. nov.) within the monophylum Gomphides, as sister-group of Hageniidae. A new species, Proterogomphus renateae sp. nov. is described from the Upper Jurassic of Germany (Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone). A numerical cladistic analysis of Anisoptera could neither convincingly resolve the phylogenetic relationships within Hemeroscopidae, nor the phylogenetic positions of Gomphides and Proterogomphidae fam. nov., because of their lack of wing venational apomorphies, but otherwise confirmed the phylogenetic reclassification of dragonflies by BECHLY (1996, Petalura [Special Vol.] 2: 342-402),