A late Holocene forest fauna with Spermodea lamellata, Merdigera obscura and Cochlodina laminata in the dunes of Noordwijk, The Netherlands

After excavations and sand drift, fossil shells of landand freshwater-molluscs were found in the dunes between Noordwijk and Zandvoort in the western part of The Netherlands. Most remarkable was the presence of a forest fauna in an old soil with 36 land species, including Spermodea lamellata, Merdigera obscura and Cochlodina laminata. These species lived here about 1100 years ago, outside their modern range.